tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-13486960225529195362024-02-06T20:48:31.399-08:00WORLD COME ITS ALL FOR Uiramhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04983312392954517060noreply@blogger.comBlogger119125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1348696022552919536.post-45737856741945416902008-10-11T10:00:00.000-07:002008-10-11T10:03:09.857-07:00Welcome to the World of Credit CardsDo you have a credit card ?<br />Are you planing to buy a credit card ?<br />Do you know how it works, its History?<br />All information about Credit Cards will get from this webportal <br /><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Credit Card</span><br />A credit card is a system of payment named after the small plastic card issued to users of the system. A credit card is different from a debit card in that it does not remove money from the user's account after every transaction. In the case of credit cards, the issuer lends money to the consumer (or the user).<br /> <br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKcMBcKzg_7fPU6JXHzDaMSfsEpiPE8STmxyH1WGIvTc8FmIFyT5Vv45L17TFvHEBDkKiF8KARp47kE2vgpLlqgtgaFVwmvzty9HZkXK_eH0TRb9ZCBhuXNTClRGjW0upmSO9Nxrx90U8e/s1600-h/150px-Cr_01.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKcMBcKzg_7fPU6JXHzDaMSfsEpiPE8STmxyH1WGIvTc8FmIFyT5Vv45L17TFvHEBDkKiF8KARp47kE2vgpLlqgtgaFVwmvzty9HZkXK_eH0TRb9ZCBhuXNTClRGjW0upmSO9Nxrx90U8e/s400/150px-Cr_01.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5255942555345300690" /></a><br />It is also different from a charge card (though this name is sometimes used by the public to describe credit cards), which requires the balance to be paid in full each month. In contrast, a credit card allows the consumer to 'revolve' their balance, at the cost of having interest charged. Most credit cards are the same shape and size, as specified by the ISO 7810 standardiramhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04983312392954517060noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1348696022552919536.post-52815043363556848542008-10-11T09:59:00.002-07:002008-10-11T10:00:18.816-07:00Discover Credit CardThe credit card was the successor of a variety of merchant credit schemes. It was first used in the 1920s, in the United States, specifically to sell fuel to a growing number of automobile owners. In 1938 several companies started to accept each other's cards.<br /><br />The concept of using a card for purchases was invented in 1887 by Edward Bellamy and described in his utopian novel Looking Backward. <br />The concept of paying merchants using a card was invented in 1950 by Ralph Schneider and Frank X. McNamara in order to consolidate multiple cards.<br /><br />Bank of America created the BankAmericard in 1958, a product which eventually evolved into the Visa system ("Chargex" also became Visa). MasterCard came to being in 1966 when a group of credit-issuing banks established MasterCharge. The fractured nature of the US banking system meant that credit cards became an effective way for those who were traveling around the country to, in effect, move their credit to places where they could not directly use their banking facilities. In 1966 Barclaycard in the UK launched the first credit card outside of the US.<br /><br /><br />There are now countless variations on the basic concept of revolving credit for individuals (as issued by banks and honored by a network of financial institutions), including organization-branded credit cards, corporate-user credit cards, store cards and so on. <br /><br /><br />In contrast, although having reached very high adoption levels in the US, Canada and the UK, it is important to note that many cultures were much more cash-oriented in the latter half of the twentieth century, or had developed alternative forms of cash-less payments, like Carte blue, or the EC-card (Germany, France, Switzerland, among many others). In these places, the take-up of credit cards was initially much slower. It took until the 1990s to reach anything like the percentage market-penetration levels achieved in the US, Canada or UK. In many countries acceptance still remains poor as the use of a credit card system depends on the banking system being perceived as reliable.<br /><br /><br />In contrast, because of the legislative framework surrounding banking system overdrafts, some countries, France in particular, were much faster to develop and adopt chip-based credit cards which are now seen as major anti-fraud credit devices.iramhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04983312392954517060noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1348696022552919536.post-91040222723658610152008-10-11T09:59:00.001-07:002008-10-11T09:59:24.595-07:00Bank Credit CardA user is issued credit after an account has been approved by the credit provider, with which the user will be able to make purchases from merchants accepting that credit card up to a pre-established credit limit.<br /><br />When a purchase is made, the credit card user agrees to pay the card issuer. The cardholder indicates their consent to pay, by signing a receipt with a record of the card details and indicating the amount to be paid or by entering a PIN. Also, many merchants now accept verbal authorizations via telephone and electronic authorization using the Internet, known as a Card not present (CNP) transaction.<br /><br />Electronic verification systems allow merchants to verify that the card is valid and the credit card customer has sufficient credit to cover the purchase in a few seconds, allowing the verification to happen at time of purchase. The verification is performed using a credit card payment terminal or Point of Sale (POS) system with a communications link to the merchant's acquiring bank. Data from the card is obtained from a magnetic stripe or chip on the card; the latter system is in the United Kingdom commonly known as Chip and PIN, but is more technically an EMV card.<br /><br />Other variations of verification systems are used by eCommerce merchants to determine if the user's account is valid and able to accept the charge. These will typically involve the cardholder providing additional information, such as the security code printed on the back of the card, or the address of the cardholder.<br /><br />Each month, the credit card user is sent a statement indicating the purchases undertaken with the card, any outstanding fees, and the total amount owed. After receiving the statement, the cardholder may dispute any charges that he or she thinks are incorrect. Otherwise, the cardholder must pay a defined minimum proportion of the bill by a due date, or may choose to pay a higher amount up to the entire amount owed. The credit provider charges interest on the amount owed (typically at a much higher rate than most other forms of debt).<br /><br />Credit card issuers usually waive interest charges if the balance is paid in full each month, but typically will charge full interest on the entire outstanding balance from the date of each purchase if the total balance is not paid.iramhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04983312392954517060noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1348696022552919536.post-77676145260491744322008-10-11T09:58:00.001-07:002008-10-11T09:58:43.738-07:00Credit Card ServicesAs well as convenient, accessible credit, the cards offer consumers an easy way to track expenses, which is necessary for both monitoring personal expenditures and the tracking of work-related expenses for taxation and reimbursement purposes. Credit cards are accepted worldwide, and are available with a large variety of credit limits, repayment arrangement, and other perks (such as rewards schemes in which points earned by purchasing goods with the card can be redeemed for further goods and services or credit card cashback).<br /><br />Some countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom and France limit the amount for which a consumer can be held liable due to fraudulent transactions as a result of a consumer's credit card being lost or stolen.iramhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04983312392954517060noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1348696022552919536.post-18234087868487222008-10-11T09:57:00.000-07:002008-10-11T09:58:00.131-07:00Credit Card SecurityThe low security of the credit card system presents countless opportunities for fraud. This opportunity has created a huge black market in stolen credit card numbers, which are generally used quickly before the cards are reported stolen.<br /><br />The goal of the credit card companies is not to eliminate fraud, but to "reduce it to manageable levels", such that the total cost of both fraud and fraud prevention is minimized. This implies that high-cost low-return fraud prevention measures will not be used if their cost exceeds the potential gains from fraud reduction.<br /><br />Most Internet fraud is done through the use of stolen credit card information which is obtained in many ways, the simplest being copying information from retailers, either online or offline. Despite efforts to improve security for remote purchases using credit cards, systems with security holes are usually the result of poor implementations of card acquisition by merchants. For example, a website that uses SSL to encrypt card numbers from a client may simply email the number from the webserver to someone who manually processes the card details at a card terminal. Naturally, anywhere card details become human-readable before being processed at the acquiring bank is a security risk. However, many banks offer systems such as ClearCommerce, where encrypted card details captured on a merchant's webserver can be sent directly to the payment processor.<br /><br />Controlled Payment Numbers are another option for protecting one's credit card number: they are "alias" numbers linked to one's actual card number, generated as needed, valid for a relatively short time, with a very low limit, and typically only valid with a single merchant.<br /><br /><br />The way a credit card-owner pays off his/her balances has a tremendous effect on his/her credit history. All the information is collected by credit bureaus. The credit information stays on the credit report for 7 years except for bankruptcies, which remain for 10 yearsiramhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04983312392954517060noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1348696022552919536.post-29379684339830368782008-10-11T09:56:00.002-07:002008-10-11T09:57:14.979-07:00Profits and LossesIn recent times, credit card portfolios have been very profitable for banks, largely due to the booming economy of the late nineties. However, in the case of credit cards, such high returns go hand in hand with risk, since the business is essentially one of making unsecured (uncollateralized) loans, and thus dependent on borrowers not to default in large numbers.iramhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04983312392954517060noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1348696022552919536.post-33617390904784604422008-10-11T09:56:00.001-07:002008-10-11T09:56:25.620-07:00Minimum PaymentsIn the UK, there has recently been increasing concern about the minimum payments required on outstanding credit card balances. Until the mid-1990s the required minimum monthly payment was generally 5% of the outstanding balance, but competition in the last 15 years to attract customers has led to this figure being eroded on the premise that the minimum monthly payment to service a debt will be lower. Typically, credit card companies now only require a monthly minimum payment of between 2% and 3% of the outstanding balance, or a fixed cash fee, whichever is the greater. For example, on a debt of £1,000, the card holder can expect to pay back only £20 - £30 per month.<br /><br />Unfortunately, some people are not aware of how long it can take to repay a debt when only paying the minimum each month. An example of this: by paying 2.5% of the debt each month, while accruing interest at 14% (in line with modern credit card interest rates), it can take over 14 years to pay back an original debt of £1,000, and roughly £10,500 will have been paid back.<br /><br />It has recently been suggested that credit card companies include a warning on their statements discouraging customers from paying only the minimum, however few companies have so far acted upon this. Companies which do include a warning tend not to inform customers how long full repayment will take, i.e. they discourage users from making just minimum payments but do not explain why. Less financially savvy customers may ignore these empty warnings as a result.<br /><br />Starting in 2006, most US credit card companies regulated by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency have been required to increase customers' minimum payments to cover at least the interest and late fees from the prior statement plus 1% of the outstanding balance. The reason is to avoid a negative amortization situation which may result when the previous 3% minimum was enforced. Negative amortization is when the payment to the creditor fails to cover the amount of interest charged during that period. This causes the consumer's credit card balance to continually increase.iramhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04983312392954517060noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1348696022552919536.post-36415066961018723712008-10-11T09:54:00.003-07:002008-10-11T09:54:53.686-07:00Trailing InterestTrailing interest, sometimes called final or residual interest, is a method of calculation whereby interest is charged right up until the day of a full payment. Cardholders of banks that use this method receive a bill with the balance owing and interest accrued and pay it off in full. On the next statement they are billed a "final" amount of interest even if no purchases or cash advances have been debited since. The reason for this is that interest continues to accrue from the time of the close of the previous statement until the day the payment for that statement is actually received.<br /><br />In comparison to the normal method of interest calculation, this method is judged by many to be a hidden and thus unfair cost. Uninformed cardholders often inquire as to what amount they need to pay by their due date in order to have paid off their credit card in full and to stop interest from accumulating. They then proceed to pay off this amount under the belief that they are finished paying interest charges, only to find trailing interest on their next statement which was posted to their account on the day of the statement billing (so even if they check their balance a day before that next billing date, it would still show a zero balance).iramhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04983312392954517060noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1348696022552919536.post-38885762965288481172008-10-11T09:54:00.001-07:002008-10-11T09:54:18.596-07:00Hidden CostsMerchants pay a negotiated fee -- typically 1-3% for larger merchants and 3-6% for smaller merchants -- to process credit payments. They must also bear the cost of providing a point-of-sale solution to enable the acceptance of card transactions and other card services related expenses. Credit card issuers understand full well that if card holders were aware of and made to pay these additional costs with their purchases it would tend to discourage credit card usage. As a consequence, businesses who accept credit cards often must sign a "merchant agreement" or contract with the acquirer that stipulates that they are not allowed to offer different prices for card and non-card transactions (sometimes referred to as surcharging) despite the additional costs to the business for accepting the cards. The prohibition on surcharging or cash discounts is enforced by law in some countries, although some governments are beginning to lift this restriction (see below).<br /><br />Some critics have observed that this results in what is effectively a hidden tax on all transactions conducted by merchants who accept credit cards since they must build the cost of transaction fees into their overall business expense. Furthermore, cash and other non-credit card using customers are in effect made to subsidize credit card user purchases. The cost of the convenience and protections enjoyed by card holders and the profits taken from transaction fees by the card industry (which has come to rely increasingly on this revenue stream over the years) is in part borne by the non-card purchaser. Critics further note that the customers most likely to pay in cash are probably the least able to afford the additional expense, the argument going that card holders are more likely to be affluent and non-card holders less so.<br /><br />A counterargument is that there are also costs to the merchant in other forms of payment. For cash payments these include frequent trips to the bank or use of an armored delivery service, theft, and employee error, such that cash is actually not cheaper for the merchant than credit cardsiramhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04983312392954517060noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1348696022552919536.post-9119509881341990152008-10-11T09:53:00.001-07:002008-10-11T09:53:25.167-07:00Credit Card NumberingThe numbers found on credit cards have a certain amount of internal structure, and share a common numbering scheme.<br /><br />The card number's prefix, called the Bank Identification Number, is the sequence of digits at the beginning of the number that determine the bank to which a credit card number belongs. This is the first six digits for Mastercard and Visa cards. The next nine digits are the individual account number, and the final digit is a validity check code.<br /><br />In addition to the main credit card number, credit cards also carry issue and expiration dates (given to the nearest month), as well as extra codes such as issue numbers and security codes. Not all credit cards have the same sets of extra codes nor do they use the same number of digits.iramhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04983312392954517060noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1348696022552919536.post-48591686931314431822008-10-11T09:52:00.001-07:002008-10-11T09:52:48.097-07:00Credit Cards in ATMsMany credit cards can also be used in an ATM to withdraw money against the credit limit extended to the card but many card issuers charge interest on cash advances before they do so on purchases. The interest on cash advances is commonly charged from the date the withdrawal is made, rather than the monthly billing date. Many card issuers levy a commission for cash withdrawals, even if the ATM belongs to the same bank as the card issuer. Merchants do not offer cashback on credit card transactions because they would pay a percentage commission of the additional cash amount to their bank or merchant services provider, thereby making it uneconomical.<br /><br />Many credit card companies will also, when applying payments to a card, do so at the end of a billing cycle, and apply those payments to everything before cash advances. For this reason, many consumers have large cash balances, which have no grace period and incur interest at a rate that is (usually) higher than the purchase rate, and will carry those balance for years, even if they pay off their statement balance each month.iramhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04983312392954517060noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1348696022552919536.post-63531453464818060372008-10-11T09:50:00.000-07:002008-10-11T09:52:07.608-07:00Credit Cards as Funding for EntrepreneursCredit cards are a creative, yet often risky way for entrepreneurs to acquire capital for their start ups when more conventional financing is unavailable. It is rumoured that Larry Page and Sergey Brin's start up of Google was financed by credit cards to buy the necessary computers and office equipment, more specifically "a terabyte of memory". [5] Similarly, filmmaker Robert Townsend financed part of Hollywood Shuffle using credit cards.[6] Director Kevin Smith funded Clerks. in part by maxing out several credit cards. Richard Hatch also financed his production of Battlestar Galactica: The Second Coming partly through his credit cards. Famed hedge fund manager Bruce Kovner began his career (and, later on, his firm Caxton Associates) in financial markets by borrowing from his credit cardiramhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04983312392954517060noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1348696022552919536.post-22957787078730518032008-10-06T08:05:00.001-07:002008-10-06T08:05:34.091-07:00SpeculativeSpeculative<br /><br /><br />These subfields seek to anticipate what inventions nanotechnology might yield, or attempt to propose an agenda along which inquiry might progress. These often take a big-picture view of nanotechnology, with more emphasis on its societal implications than the details of how such inventions could actually be created.<br /><br /><br />* Molecular nanotechnology is a proposed approach which involves manipulating single molecules in finely controlled, deterministic ways. This is more theoretical than the other subfields and is beyond current capabilities.<br /><br />* Nanorobotics centers on self-sufficient machines of some functionality operating at the nanoscale. There are hopes for applying nanorobots in medicine, but it may not be easy to do such a thing because of several drawbacks of such devices.Nevertheless, progress on innovative materials and methodologies has been demonstrated with some patents granted about new nanomanufacturing devices for future commercial applications, which also progressively helps in the development towards nanorobots with the use of embedded nanobioelectronics concept.<br /><br />* Programmable matter based on artificial atoms seeks to design materials whose properties can be easily, reversibly and externally controlled.<br /><br />* Due to the popularity and media exposure of the term nanotechnology, the words picotechnology and femtotechnology have been coined in analogy to it, although these are only used rarely and informally.iramhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04983312392954517060noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1348696022552919536.post-69986073150225654752008-10-06T08:02:00.000-07:002008-10-06T08:03:15.843-07:00Top-down approachesThese seek to create smaller devices by using larger ones to direct their assembly.<br /><br />* Many technologies descended from conventional solid-state silicon methods for fabricating microprocessors are now capable of creating features smaller than 100 nm, falling under the definition of nanotechnology. Giant magnetoresistance-based hard drives already on the market fit this description,[10] as do atomic layer deposition (ALD) techniques. Peter Grünberg and Albert Fert received the Nobel Prize in Physics for their discovery of Giant magnetoresistance and contributions to the field of spintronics in 2007.<br /><br /><br />* Solid-state techniques can also be used to create devices known as nanoelectromechanical systems or NEMS, which are related to microelectromechanical systems or MEMS.<br /><br />* Atomic force microscope tips can be used as a nanoscale "write head" to deposit a chemical upon a surface in a desired pattern in a process called dip pen nanolithography. This fits into the larger subfield of nanolithography.<br /><br /><br />Functional approachesiramhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04983312392954517060noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1348696022552919536.post-44284688963204672882008-10-06T08:01:00.000-07:002008-10-06T08:02:06.719-07:00Bottom-up approachesThese seek to arrange smaller components into more complex assemblies.<br /><br />* DNA nanotechnology utilizes the specificity of Watson-Crick basepairing to construct well-defined structures out of DNA and other nucleic acids.<br /><br />* Approaches from the field of "classical" chemical synthesis also aim at designing molecules with well-defined shape <br /><br />* More generally, molecular self-assembly seeks to use concepts of supramolecular chemistry, and molecular recognition in particular, to cause single-molecule components to automatically arrange themselves into some useful conformation.iramhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04983312392954517060noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1348696022552919536.post-80100042390558934472008-10-06T07:57:00.000-07:002008-10-06T07:59:45.105-07:00Nanomaterials<span style="font-weight: bold;">This includes subfields which develop or study materials having unique properties arising from their nanoscale dimensions.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">* Interface and Colloid Science has given rise to many materials which may be useful in nanotechnology, such as carbon nanotubes and other fullerenes, and various nanoparticles and nanorods.</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">* Nanoscale materials can also be used for bulk applications; most present commercial applications of nanotechnology are of this flavor.</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">* Progress has been made in using these materials for medical applications;<br /></span>iramhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04983312392954517060noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1348696022552919536.post-63016969933924719392008-10-06T02:49:00.000-07:002008-10-06T02:50:29.463-07:00Foreign purchases of real estate in Turkey<h3 class="post-title entry-title"><a href="http://rajarealeatate.blogspot.com/2008/09/foreign-purchases-of-real-estate-in_18.html"><br /></a> </h3> <div class="post-body entry-content">Purchasing property in <a title="Turkey" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey">Turkey</a> is becoming increasingly popular with holiday home owners and investors around the globe. Several factors are contributing to the popularity and the trend displayed by foreign purchases of property also had important repercussions within Turkey. The issue is especially notable given Turkey's potential <a class="mw-redirect" title="EU" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU">EU</a> membership and the related economic integration processes.<a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_purchases_of_real_estate_in_Turkey#cite_note-0">[1]</a> In 2003, property purchases were opened up to foreign nationals with restrictions on the provinces. When these restrictions were violated in 2005, the law was annulled by Turkish courts; Despite this property purchases continue. As of 2008, 63,085 individual properties have been sold to over 73,103 different foreigners. This amounts to 38,623,661 square metres (415,741,630 sq ft) of land, and US$10.4 billion of foreign investment, mostly by German, British and Greek citizens </div>iramhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04983312392954517060noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1348696022552919536.post-89925723834970275402008-10-06T02:47:00.000-07:002008-10-06T02:48:33.677-07:00Foreign purchases of real estate in Turkey<h3 class="post-title entry-title"><a href="http://rajarealeatate.blogspot.com/2008/09/foreign-purchases-of-real-estate-in.html"><br /></a> </h3> <div class="post-body entry-content">Purchasing property in <a title="Turkey" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey">Turkey</a> is becoming increasingly popular with holiday home owners and investors around the globe. Several factors are contributing to the popularity and the trend displayed by foreign purchases of property also had important repercussions within Turkey. The issue is especially notable given Turkey's potential <a class="mw-redirect" title="EU" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU">EU</a> membership and the related economic integration processes.<a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_purchases_of_real_estate_in_Turkey#cite_note-0">[1]</a> In 2003, property purchases were opened up to foreign nationals with restrictions on the provinces. When these restrictions were violated in 2005, the law was annulled by Turkish courts; Despite this property purchases continue. As of 2008, 63,085 individual properties have been sold to over 73,103 different foreigners. This amounts to 38,623,661 square metres (415,741,630 sq ft) of land, and US$10.4 billion of foreign investment, mostly by German, British and Greek citizens </div>iramhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04983312392954517060noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1348696022552919536.post-69941101310859517412008-10-06T02:46:00.000-07:002008-10-06T02:47:17.013-07:00Land ownership in Turkey<h3 class="post-title entry-title"><a href="http://rajarealeatate.blogspot.com/2008/09/land-ownership-in-turkey.html"><br /></a> </h3> <div class="post-body entry-content">One particularity of overall landownership profile in Turkey is the high proportion of land owned by the state, either directly, under the authority of the <a class="external text" title="http://www.hazine.gov.tr" href="http://www.hazine.gov.tr/" rel="nofollow">Undersecretariat of Treasury</a> (Hazine in daily language), or indirectly through the inheritance and management of <a title="Ottoman Empire" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire">Ottoman</a> foundations (vakıf), under the authority of the <a class="external text" title="http://www.vgm.gov.tr" href="http://www.vgm.gov.tr/" rel="nofollow">General Directorate for Foundations</a>. Vakıf (Foundation) lands is the <a title="Real estate" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_estate">real estate</a> legated by their original proprietors, often centuries ago, for the purpose of the upkeep of a public building, a community service, a particular person or a group of persons. Foundations also constitute part of the assets held by <a class="external text" title="http://www.vakifbank.com.tr" href="http://www.vakifbank.com.tr/" rel="nofollow">Vakıfbank</a>, a bank originally founded with the purpose of putting the foundations in value for the <a title="Economy of Turkey" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Turkey">economy of Turkey</a> and named in reference to them. Hazine (Treasury) lands are those, often covering vast areas in rural Turkey, for which no private ownership is recorded at any time, imperial legacies that did not fall within the scope of foundations, or land that passed over to state ownership through many possible reasons.<br />Therefore, unlike many other European countries where most of the land area is privately owned, much of the land in <a title="Turkey" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey">Turkey</a> is still held by the state. One aspect of this situation is the simplification of procedures in the case of public works or investments that are envisaged where, instead of costly expropriations, correspondence between ministries is often sufficient to make suitable land easily available for projected works. Another is the constantly re-surging plans by various governments to make one or other particular part or type of state land available for private sector use and development. These issues of land-grant become particularly sensitive when the land in question is important for fauna or flora in environmental terms, for irrigation, for any other public use, or when conflicts of interest arise or private interests influencing government plans are detected by the opposition groups. Notwithstanding occasionally heated debates on the matter, by complying with basic <a title="Public relations" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_relations">public relations</a> principles, vast parcels of land do become available to investors in Turkey through the consent of governments pursuing encouraging policies to the effect. </div>iramhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04983312392954517060noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1348696022552919536.post-15644514442084223112008-10-06T02:45:00.000-07:002008-10-06T02:46:05.214-07:00Historical Background<h3 class="post-title entry-title"><a href="http://rajarealeatate.blogspot.com/2008/09/historical-background.html"><br /></a> </h3> <div class="post-body entry-content">The issue of foreign purchases of real estate is associated with very bitter reminiscences in Turkey. During the weakening phase of the <a title="Ottoman Empire" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> in the 19th century and the global dominance of western <a title="Colonialism" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonialism">colonialism</a>, purchases without constraint and effective surveillance of real estate by the nationals and companies of western powers was one of the issues on which the Ottoman state had been subjected to the direst foreign pressures. As a consequence of these pressures, a 1858 <a title="Firman (decree)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firman_%28decree%29">firman</a> on "<a title="Reform" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform">Reform</a>" had announced a grant of permission in this respect, but the necessary legal arrangements had been delayed till 1868. With the enactment of the 1868 regulation, according to one estimate, British capitalist-farmers (see <a title="Levantine mansions of İzmir" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levantine_mansions_of_%C4%B0zmir">Levantine mansions of İzmir</a>) had almost immediately emerged as having acquired one third of all arable lands in the entire vilayet of <a title="İzmir" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0zmir">İzmir</a> (<a title="Aydın" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayd%C4%B1n">Aydın</a> in name), possibly held in an indirect manner till then, and by 1878, the majority of the arable land in the same province. This trend coincided with the influx of refugees from lands lost for the Ottoman Empire, and the migrants often saw themselves having to buy property from foreigners in their own country.<a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_purchases_of_real_estate_in_Turkey#cite_note-2">[3]</a> A further law in 1913 also allowed foreign legal entities (companies, foundations etc.) to purchase property in Ottoman lands, with decisive effects for the early foundations of the state of <a title="Israel" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel">Israel</a>. A partial face-about by the <a title="Committee of Union and Progress" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_of_Union_and_Progress">Committee of Union and Progress</a>, simultaneous to the outbreak of the <a title="World War I" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I">World War I</a> in <a title="Europe" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe">Europe</a>, was one of the causes for the deterioration of relations between Turkey and the Allied powers <a class="mw-redirect" title="UK" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK">Britain</a>, <a title="France" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France">France</a> and <a title="Italy" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy">Italy</a>. The <a title="Treaty of Lausanne" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a> which established modern Turkey laid a ground based on a strict understanding of reciprocity in the matter, on a bilateral and contractual bases as concluded with individual countries at first, and full legal reciprocity after 1934 </div>iramhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04983312392954517060noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1348696022552919536.post-91145732814508756682008-10-06T02:44:00.001-07:002008-10-06T02:44:54.787-07:00[edit] Legal Framework and the Recent Changes<h3 class="post-title entry-title"><a href="http://rajarealeatate.blogspot.com/2008/09/edit-legal-framework-and-recent-changes.html"><br /></a> </h3> <div class="post-body entry-content">The principles governing purchase of property by foreign (i.e. non-Turkish) nationals in <a title="Turkey" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey">Turkey</a> is governed by the 1934 Property Act (Law Nr. 2644 dated <a title="November 22" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_22">22 November</a> 1934). The legal framework set up in 1934 was modified for a first time by a by-law (Law Nr. 4916) dated <a title="July 3" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_3">3 July</a> <a title="2003" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003">2003</a>. This law was predicated on a reciprocity clause; that is to say, citizens of countries whose governments allow Turkish nationals to purchase real estate in their country, were to be allowed to purchase real estate in Turkey.<br />However, following steps taken by Turkey's main opposition party <a title="CHP" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHP">CHP</a>, the modifications brought by the 2003 by-law were declared as void by the <a class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Constitutional Court" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Constitutional_Court">Turkish Constitutional Court</a> on <a title="April 26" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_26">26 April</a> <a title="2005" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005">2005</a>, in a decision to enter into effect as of <a title="July 27" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_27">27 July</a> 2005 and the purchase of real estate by foreign nationals was suspended until a modified law dated <a title="January 7" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_7">7 January</a> <a title="2006" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006">2006</a> was brought into effect. This law, Law Nr. 5444, now enacted, instead of being a by-law modifying various paragraphs of the 1934 Property Act, is a fully stated legal text (still on the basis of a modification of the 1934 Act). (<a class="external text" title="http://www.legalisplatform.net/hukuk_metinleri/5444%20Sayılı%20Yasa.pdf" href="http://www.legalisplatform.net/hukuk_metinleri/5444%20Say%C4%B1l%C4%B1%20Yasa.pdf" rel="nofollow">the full text in Turkish</a>). This current law is retrospective in its application to <a title="July 26" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_26">26 July</a> <a title="2005" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005">2005</a> and is largely the same as the law of <a title="July 3" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_3">3 July</a> <a title="2003" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003">2003</a>, with the following notable amendments, especially with regards to size limitations:<br />A foreign national cannot purchase more than 25,000m² (6 acres) of land (constructed or not) in Turkey without special consent from the Turkish Council of Ministers. The council of Ministers is authorised to increase this limit up to 300,000m2 per person.<br />Foreign national ownership of real estate cannot exceed 5/1000 of land in any designated province.<br />The property also has to be within a municipality. Foreigners can not buy in villages.<br />As for the handling of the transactions suspended since July 2005, the new law is also applicable for applications of Title Deeds in the period between the former law becoming void and the current law coming into effect.<br />For the moment, all overseas nationals are subject to a clearance by the Turkish military authorities before being allowed to proceed with any purchase. This is to establish that the land/property is not in a militarily sensitive area, and that the individual is considered as suitable to own real estate in Turkey. Designation of land suitable for overseas purchasers is expected to be determined at a later stage by Land Registry Offices, based on information supplied by the military.<br />The Council of Ministers is also expected to determine, in the three months following the promulgation of the law, those areas where reserves on purchase due to considerations stemming from irrigation, energy, agriculture, mining, history, religion and culture issues and for preservation of natural flora and fauna are put in effect. Property acquired through inheritance is not subject to the limitations and reserves stated above.<br />From January 2008, foreign investors will be able to apply for a mortgage within Turkey. The revision in existing laws, aims to encourage foreign investment, replacing the previous barrier whereby investors had to finance their Turkish real estate through cash purchases or mortgages arranged within their native country.</div>iramhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04983312392954517060noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1348696022552919536.post-35308272591986404492008-10-06T02:43:00.001-07:002008-10-06T02:43:47.837-07:00Foreign Ownership Market Trends to 2005<h3 class="post-title entry-title"><a href="http://rajarealeatate.blogspot.com/2008/09/foreign-ownership-market-trends-to-2005.html"><br /></a> </h3> <div class="post-body entry-content">Taken as a whole, during the 69-year period starting in 1934 with the enactment of the Property Law until the first modifications of July 2003, 37342 parcels of property had been acquired by non-Turkish legal entities (companies) or private individuals in Turkey. It is to be noted that 2400 of these were <a title="Demographics of Syria" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Syria">Syrian</a> nationals, who themselves had remained as such but whose properties had become part of the territory of Turkey with the adhesion of the <a class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Hatay" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Hatay">Republic of Hatay</a> to Turkey in 1939, the whole transitional proceedings that took place having been counted, for the purposes of statistics, as re-acquisitions by these Syrians.<br />The 2-year duration of the validity of the old law (July 2003-July 2005) gave some interesting insights on foreign national property buying trends in Turkey both for property market players and for official bodies.<br />During the two years for which the July 2003 modification had remained valid, 15842 parcels of property (2931 among these being unbuilt land lots) have been acquired by non-Turkish legal or private persons in Turkey. The purchasers constituted a total of 18959 legal or private owners or co-owners from a total of 58 different countries. In the forefront came <a title="United Kingdom" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom">British</a> nationals (8625 persons acquiring 6333 parcels), who were followed by <a title="Germany" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany">Germans</a> (3482 persons for 3210 parcels), with <a title="Netherlands" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands">Dutch</a> nationals, <a title="Denmark" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark">Danes</a>, <a title="Norway" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway">Norwegians</a>, <a title="Greece" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece">Greeks</a>, <a title="Ireland" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland">Irish</a> nationals, <a title="Sweden" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden">Swedes</a> and <a title="Belgium" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium">Belgians</a> respectively occupying the next places. (<a class="external text" title="http://www.isbank.com.tr/reuters-haber-detay.asp?Document_Header=" href="http://www.isbank.com.tr/reuters-haber-detay.asp?Document_Header=nKAN439059" rel="nofollow">Reuters İstanbul - in Turkish</a>)<br />It was also observed that, during this 2-year period, the districts most favoured by foreign buyers were <a title="Alanya" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alanya">Alanya</a>, <a title="Fethiye" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fethiye">Fethiye</a>, <a title="Didim" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didim">Didim</a>, <a title="Bodrum" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodrum">Bodrum</a>, <a title="Kuşadası" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku%C5%9Fadas%C4%B1">Kuşadası</a> along the coastline, as well as <a title="Ürgüp" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Crg%C3%BCp">Ürgüp</a> in <a title="Cappadocia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a>. Alanya is a particularly preferred location for Germans and <a class="mw-redirect" title="Scandinavians" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavians">Scandinavians</a>, while the British purchases are at their highest level of concentration in Fethiye and Didim <a class="external text" title="http://www.isbank.com.tr/reuters-haber-detay.asp?Document_Header=" href="http://www.isbank.com.tr/reuters-haber-detay.asp?Document_Header=nKAN439059" rel="nofollow">Reuters İstanbul - in Turkish</a>. Some of these towns have come to include sizable proportions of seasonal or full-time inhabitants made up of foreign homeowners. These homeowners already display a marked tendency to set up associations among themselves to promote their specific areas of interests such as the translation of key texts into their respective languages, contacts with officials, cultural and religious activities such as church-building and to provide guidance to newer purchasers (see <a class="external text" title="http://www.mymerhaba.com" href="http://www.mymerhaba.com/" rel="nofollow">Expat community web portal in Turkey</a>or <a class="external text" title="http://www.expatsofturkey.com" href="http://www.expatsofturkey.com/" rel="nofollow">an alternative but comprehensive resource</a>)<br />One of the fundamental keys to Turkey's successful transition to full EU membership is its ability to attract and retain Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). It has set itself a target of attracting 1.2 trillion dollars from Gulf States initially[<a title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed">citation needed</a>] and therefore the Crown Prince of Dubai's immediate financial commitment to the country's real estate sector not only gave property investors faith in Turkey it gave other nations faith in the country as a whole and should lead to the further promotion of Turkey and an increasing flow of FDI. </div>iramhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04983312392954517060noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1348696022552919536.post-22306731399196698482008-10-06T02:42:00.001-07:002008-10-06T02:42:55.915-07:00Points of Controversy in Turkey on Foreign Home Ownership<h3 class="post-title entry-title"><a href="http://rajarealeatate.blogspot.com/2008/09/points-of-controversy-in-turkey-on.html"><br /></a> </h3> <div class="post-body entry-content">The foreign purchase of real estate is a widely discussed subject in the Turkish media and among the public. Some of the opinions put forth in this context may not be based on sound facts, while others are results of in-depth studies.<a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_purchases_of_real_estate_in_Turkey#cite_note-5">[6]</a> Opponents of liberalisation and internationalisation of the real estate market in Turkey also made allusions based on interpretations of evolutions in <a title="Spain" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain">Spain</a> and <a title="Israel" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel">Israel</a>.<br />Another issue which will inevitably arise is the concern over the specific case of <a title="Greece" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece">Greek</a> nationals. Despite <a class="mw-redirect" title="EU" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU">EU</a> pressures, a national land registry system in full legal clarity is yet to be fully established in <a title="Greece" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece">Greece</a> (except in the <a title="Dodecanese" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodecanese">Dodecanese</a>, where the system was set up during the <a title="Italy" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy">Italian</a> rule between 1912-1945). Thus, a legal move questioning whether there could be reciprocity with a country without a land registry system was indeed launched under the auspices of opposition CHP party, before the application covering the new law in general was made to the Constitutional Court and set the agenda. The issue will almost certainly not be dismissed easily by proponents of a liberal property market. In addition, there are also occasional reports of a more sensational nature, usually specific to some sections of the media. These relate to <a class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli">Israeli</a> or <a title="Arab" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab">Arab</a> investors buying land en masse in the prospering <a title="Southeastern Anatolia Project" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeastern_Anatolia_Project">Southeastern Anatolia Project</a> region, politically-minded purchases in the Black Sea region or in Eastern <a title="Anatolia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, where sizable communities of <a title="Pontic Greeks" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontic_Greeks">Pontic Greeks</a> or <a title="Armenians" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenians">Armenians</a> previously lived.<br />The challenge for the Turkish government will be to negotiate a path which satisfies the sceptical elements within Turkish politics and among the public, while at the same time appeasing liberals and satisfying the open-market criteria which the E.U. expects from Turkey as it moves towards accession.<br />On a more specific and strictly professional focus, the ongoing efforts by Turkey's <a class="mw-redirect" title="Real estate agent" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_estate_agent">real estate agents</a> to demarcate the definition and the boundaries of their profession and to discourage occasional and non-professional intermediaries away should also be mentioned. The compulsory norms to be respected in order to exercise the profession are still rather recent (since 2004). Real estate agents are required to be members to and exhibit their membership of the association set up for their region (such as <a class="external text" title="http://www.kusemder.org" href="http://www.kusemder.org/" rel="nofollow">Kusemder</a> for <a title="Kuşadası" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku%C5%9Fadas%C4%B1">Kuşadası</a>, or <a class="external text" title="http://www.maremder.com" href="http://www.maremder.com/" rel="nofollow">Maremder</a> for <a title="Marmaris" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmaris">Marmaris</a>). These local associations are gathered within the framework of the national federation, <a class="external text" title="http://www.temfed.org.tr/turkce/odalar.aspx" href="http://www.temfed.org.tr/turkce/odalar.aspx" rel="nofollow">Temfed</a>, which provides a full list of the regional associations. </div>iramhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04983312392954517060noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1348696022552919536.post-26811627195179145962008-10-06T02:40:00.000-07:002008-10-06T02:42:01.238-07:00Foreign Ownership Market Data under the new legislation<h3 class="post-title entry-title"><a href="http://rajarealeatate.blogspot.com/2008/09/foreign-ownership-market-data-under-new.html"><br /></a> </h3> <div class="post-body entry-content">After the annulment of the 2003 Law in July 2005, during the 6-month period of legal uncertainty, the market (focused on foreign buyers) understandably came to a standstill. However, local Land Registry Offices continued to process applications in anticipation of the new law. 2006 and 2007 data indicates that the market took off to a clear and vivid boost.<br />Information on overseas buyers provided by the <a class="external text" title="http://www.turkisheconomy.org.uk/news.htm" href="http://www.turkisheconomy.org.uk/news.htm" rel="nofollow">First Economic Counsellor of the Turkish Embassy in London</a> for 2006 was as follows:<br />Britons were the first in buying property in Turkey among foreign nationals in the first quarter of the year according to the latest data released by the Land Registry Office. From 7 January 2006 when the new law was put into effect, to mid-April 2006, 588 British Citizens purchased 420 properties in Turkey. Secondly 265 Germans bought 258 properties in Turkey. In the same period, total property sale to foreigners and total foreigners bought property in Turkey reached 1,206 and 1,565 respectively. (<a title="April 25" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_25">25 April</a> <a title="2006" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006">2006</a>)"<br />The newspaper <a title="Cumhuriyet" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumhuriyet">Cumhuriyet</a> reported on <a title="June 11" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_11">11 June</a> <a title="2006" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006">2006</a> that, since the 5/1000 limit was exceeded in <a title="Hatay Province" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatay_Province">Hatay Province</a>, sales to foreign nationals of real estate located in that province was suspended until further notice. The congestion is a consequence of 1300 parcels of property that have been bought in recent times by foreign nationals adding up on the 2400 land lots owned by <a title="Demographics of Syria" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Syria">Syrians</a>, some of them quite large. The particular case of <a title="Hatay Province" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatay_Province">Hatay</a> put apart, as of <a title="June 1" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_1">1 June</a> <a title="2006" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006">2006</a>, <a title="Antalya Province" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antalya_Province">Antalya Province</a> was in the lead in the number of foreign purchases of real estate in <a title="Turkey" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey">Turkey</a> with 5566 lots sold, provinces of <a title="Aydın Province" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayd%C4%B1n_Province">Aydın</a> (3998), <a title="Muğla Province" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%C4%9Fla_Province">Muğla</a> (3035), <a class="mw-redirect" title="İstanbul Province" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0stanbul_Province">İstanbul</a> (1463) and <a title="İzmir Province" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0zmir_Province">İzmir</a> (722) occupying the following places.<br />The most recent data provided by the Ministry, covering the period from 2002 (when the incumbent government came into office) to 2008 indicates a total of 63,085 land lots sold to 73,103 foreign private persons, extending to a total area of 25,350,361 square meters. As such, a total of seventy four seventy five thousand foreign nationals own an area of 38,623,661 square metres (415,741,630 sq ft) of lands in Turkey.<a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_purchases_of_real_estate_in_Turkey#cite_note-percent-1">[2]</a> As of 2007, on area basis the provinces of <a title="Muğla" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%C4%9Fla">Muğla</a> (4,445,259 meter squares), Antalya (3,810,118 meter squares), Aydın (3,001,075 meter squares) came in the lead. On the basis of the number of foreign nationals acquiring property, the situation was as follows: <a title="Antalya" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antalya">Antalya</a> (26,031 foreign nationals), <a title="Muğla" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%C4%9Fla">Muğla</a> (12,865 foreign nationals), <a class="mw-redirect" title="İstanbul" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0stanbul">İstanbul</a> (8,830 foreign nationals), <a title="Aydın" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayd%C4%B1n">Aydın</a> (7,415 foreign nationals), <a title="Bursa" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bursa">Bursa</a> (5,241 foreign nationals), <a title="İzmir" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0zmir">İzmir</a> (4,145 foreign nationals). German nationals came the first in Antalya Province and British citizens in Muğla and Aydın Provinces. Purchases by Greek nationals displayed a striking preeminence in İstanbul and, in a more recent trend, in <a title="Bursa" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bursa">Bursa</a>. </div>iramhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04983312392954517060noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1348696022552919536.post-47133603132306877882008-10-04T06:49:00.000-07:002008-10-04T06:50:58.687-07:00Network+ Skills<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8UDhZAdtNGXY3GHx41wckkp3p007LJmJlaklWjjovi39Y4qgdQoz-oh4EEHVUyqoJS7wrcpaiQXmX_sxSOpfarFzGPz6Kx2LgdNGAaeuopWRIPm9DxKwqQfKSqKcEAXNyRMxHE2I7NX9P/s1600-h/0470047240_01__SCLZZZZZZZ_.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8UDhZAdtNGXY3GHx41wckkp3p007LJmJlaklWjjovi39Y4qgdQoz-oh4EEHVUyqoJS7wrcpaiQXmX_sxSOpfarFzGPz6Kx2LgdNGAaeuopWRIPm9DxKwqQfKSqKcEAXNyRMxHE2I7NX9P/s400/0470047240_01__SCLZZZZZZZ_.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5253295777494019666" border="0" /></a><br /><a href="http://www.paid4share.net/file/3220/0470047240-rar.html">http://www.paid4share.net/file/3220/0470047240-rar.html</a>iramhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04983312392954517060noreply@blogger.com0